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Targeted modification of the materials composition is a common procedure used to improve the parameters of the final products. Present paper deals with the targeted modification of the composition of two types of polymer systems using two various types of alternative fillers. The multi-component polymer matrix consisting of phenolic and melamine resin and nitrile rubber commonly used in the friction composite system for clutch facing production was the first studied material. This polymer system was modified by the addition of alternative filler based on the waste from the glass production. The second type of modified polymer are the elastomeric systems designed for the production of car tires and solid wheels for transport systems. Named elastomeric systems were modified using the alternative filler which has been obtained from energetics as a by-product of flue gas desulfurization. This type of filler was applied as a substitution of commonly used fillers (carbon black, silica). Rheology, cure characteristics as well as hardness and rebound resilience of vulcanizates, which are important parameters for their industrial application, have been studied in the new prepared polymeric systems. Modification of composition using raw material substitution can also bring significant environmental and economic effects.