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The work discusses issues related to 3D coagulation simulations, including liquid phase flow. The approach chosen by the authors is based on the numerical solution of the enthalpy solidification formula and the Navier-Stokes equation, in which the buoyancy force approximation was added. Both of these equations are discretized in space using the Finite Element Method, and in both cases, time integration utilizes the Theta scheme, which is a generalized form of Euler Backward approach.
The presence of the Navier-Stokes equation in the model forces the use of special techniques to ensure the convergence of the solution. From several available methods, the method of adding stabilizing elements in the FEM formulation was chosen, i.e., the stabilization formulas PSPG/SUPG (Pressure Stabilized Petrov Galerkin/Streamline Upwind Stabilized Petrov Galerkin). The occurrence of large temperature gradients, however, made it necessary to use the so-called lumped mass matrix in the energy equation.
The work presents the results obtained using a model implemented by the authors in the form of a computer program written in C++ programming language. The use of this language and appropriate libraries made it possible to obtain sufficient performance to perform 3D solidification simulations.