Last modified: 16. 05. 2025
Abstract
This study presents a novel approach to preliminary experimental investigations supporting the modeling of Vacuum Packed Particles (VPP)—an emerging class of smart materials, alongside magnetorheological (MR) and electrorheological (ER) fluids and MR elastomers. VPP structures consist of loose granular material enclosed in a sealed, flexible membrane that can conform to various shapes. In the absence of vacuum, the structure behaves like a plastic or semi-liquid body, with grains easily displaced under small strains and not transmitting significant stresses. The critical transition in mechanical behavior occurs under partial vacuum. The resulting pressure differential compresses the grains, activating interparticle forces and leading to the so-called "jamming mechanism." This process transforms the initially soft structure into a rigid, load-bearing body with tunable mechanical properties. The study’s primary objective is to propose a calibration method for Discrete Element Method (DEM) parameters to enable accurate simulations of VPP systems. To this end, a series of experimental tests were performed: tensile tests on the base membrane and a membrane-formed cylinder, compression of individual grains, and uniaxial compression of a full VPP sample. Results of these tests are presented alongside the DEM calibration process using the YADE environment. A final validation compares numerical and experimental data from a cylindrical VPP sample under compression. The overarching goal is to establish a minimal, standardized testing protocol for VPP constituent materials that allows for the reliable calibration of numerical models. This would facilitate simulation-based research and the broader application of VPP technology in engineering design.